Navigating Horse Care: Keeping You in The Saddle

Caring for horses is a rewarding but significant commitment that goes beyond just feeding and grooming. Whether you're new to horse ownership or a seasoned equestrian, knowing the ins and outs of horse care is crucial for keeping your horse happy, healthy, and performing at its best. In this guide, we'll walk you through the essentials of horse care, from daily maintenance to health considerations, horse boarding options, and even specialized care for sport and senior horses. Get ready to dive into the world of horse care, so you can keep your equine companion thriving, whether you're riding for leisure or competing in the ring.

Let’s get started!

 

Horses are intelligent and high-maintenance creatures. They need more than just quality food, water, and shelter to stay physically fit—they also require regular exercise and social interaction to keep their minds sharp and happy.

What to Know Before Buying a Horse

Before bringing a horse into your life, it’s important to think seriously about the time and financial commitment involved in caring for an animal that can live over 20 years. You’ll need to dive into research, chat with professionals, and take a good look at how your lifestyle might need to adjust to make sure you’re giving your horse the best life possible. 

Tips for buying a horse include:

1. Set Your Expectations For the Relationship You Want From Your Horse: What do you want a horse for? This may seem like an obvious question, but it’s an important one. Do you want your horse for work (like hauling or pulling), breeding, competition, or just leisurely riding?
2. Be Honest and Realistic About Your Riding Level: Sure, once you purchase a horse you’ll be improving your riding skills, but being honest about your riding level at the beginning will help you choose the right horse. If you’re a beginner,  you wouldn’t want a horse that needs extensive training and has a high-strung personality. Be sure to enroll in riding lessons as well.
3. Determine Your Budget & Consider Leasing: Horses are expensive and require a huge time commitment. Leasing is a great way to ease yourself into horse ownership and gain equine knowledge. Often, you can find full or partial leasing options (full is where you pay for everything and are fully responsible for the care and maintenance of the horse, while a partial lease splits responsibilities between you and the horse’s actual owner—which are negotiated when the lease is drawn up). Horse trainers often lease out their horses.
4. Invest in a Pre-Purchase Health Check: A pre-purchase health check evaluates a horse’s health and their capability towards a specific function—like hauling, pulling, racing, or leisure. The health check should include things like a review of the horse’s entire medical history, limb and other body part checks, walking and gait, blood tests and oral examination, and observing the horse’s general behaviour.
5. Equipment: Some sellers may offer equipment like saddles, blankets, and bridles as part of the horse's sale. These items are often presented as “value-adds” to make the sale more appealing, particularly with private sellers. Since this gear can be costly, getting a horse with all the essentials included might be a great deal. However, it’s important to assess the quality of the equipment and whether it fits you properly or not. 

Horse Boarding

If you’re unable to keep your horse on your property, then you’ll need to choose a boarding facility. Choosing the right boarding facility is extremely important for the health and overall well-being of your horse. 

Horse boarding typically falls into one of three categories: self-care, partial boarding, and full boarding. 

Type of Horse Boarding	What it Entails
Self-Care	The owner is simply renting space to keep their horse. All care (feeding, exercise, grooming, etc.) is the responsibility of the horse’s owner.
Partial Boarding	Responsibilities for the horse’s care are divided between the owner and the boarding facility—the owner and the facility will negotiate who is responsible for what at the start of boarding.
Full Boarding	The horse is fully cared for by the boarding facility’s staff.

In North America, horse stables generally offer two options: traditional barn stabling or outdoor boarding. With traditional stabling, horses are housed in individual stalls under one roof. In outdoor boarding, horses spend most of their time outside in a paddock with other horses, with access to a shelter. A stable is typically available for feeding, cold nights, or if the horse is injured or sick, ensuring their comfort and well-being.

Horse Health Considerations

Caring for large yet delicate animals like horses is a big responsibility. Horse health goes beyond providing a good diet and regular exercise—it's also crucial to pay attention to their muscles and joints. Proper care can help prevent painful and costly issues down the road.

Daily Horse Care Checklist

1. Feeding

• Provide Fresh Water
  Ensure your horse has access to clean, fresh water at all times.
• Feed Quality Hay or Forage
  Provide the appropriate amount of high-quality hay or pasture grass, based on your horse’s weight and activity level.
• Supplement with Grain or Pellets (if necessary)
  Add grain, pellets, or other supplements as directed by your vet or nutritionist, especially if your horse needs extra nutrients or energy.

2. Cleaning & Grooming

• Brush Coat
  Brush your horse’s coat daily to remove dirt, debris, and loose hair.
• Pick Hooves
  Clean out each hoof to remove mud, rocks, or manure, checking for any signs of injury or infection.
• Check for Cuts or Scratches
  Inspect your horse’s body for any signs of injury or irritation, and treat if necessary.

3. Exercise & Movement

• Turn Out or Exercise
  Ensure your horse gets plenty of time to move around, either by turning them out to pasture or engaging in light exercise.
• Stretching & Joint Care
  Observe your horse’s movement and flexibility, and stretch their legs to maintain joint health.

4. Stall & Paddock Maintenance

• Clean Stall or Shelter
  Remove manure and wet bedding from the stall or outdoor shelter area, ensuring your horse has a clean, dry place to rest.
• Inspect Paddock/Fence
  Walk the paddock to check for any damage to fencing or hazards that could cause injury.

5. Health Check

• Monitor Behavior
  Observe your horse for any changes in behavior, appetite, or mood, as these can be early signs of illness or discomfort.
• Check for Signs of Lameness
  Watch your horse's movement to detect any signs of limping or stiffness that may require veterinary attention.
• Monitor Weight
  Keep an eye on your horse’s body condition to ensure they are maintaining a healthy weight.

6. Tack & Equipment

• Inspect Tack and Gear
  Check saddles, bridles, and other gear for signs of wear and tear to prevent discomfort or injury during riding.

7. Bonding & Interaction

• Spend Quality Time
  Spend time interacting with your horse—whether it’s grooming, hand-walking, or just hanging out, your bond is key to their well-being.

Common Horse Health Problems and Prevention Tips

There are a variety of common health issues that can affect both domestic hordes and sport horses. These health issues can vary a bit, and of course can overlap. 

Domestic Horses

Even though they are likely not engaging in as much activity as a sport horse, domestic horses are still susceptible to a variety of conditions that can affect their mobility. These conditions are outlined in more detail in the table below: 

Common Domestic Horse Health Condition	Symptoms	Prevention
Locked Stifle Joints	Minor lameness Hesitancy or delayed movement (especially if they’ve stood still for a long time) Stumbling on downhill slopes Problems cantering or changing leading legs Discomfort or unwillingness to do circle work	Feeding a high-quality equine joint supplement (such as TRI-ACTA) and ensuring proper daily nutrition will help prevent this condition.
Laminitis	Usually occurs due to inflammation in another part of the body, such as colic or diarrhea Other risk factors include: Heat in the feet Hesitant gait Cushing’s disease in older horses Horses that are overweight Severe colic Other foot diseases	Keeping feet cool Ensuring a healthy weight Regular vet checkups
Arthritis	Morning stiffness around affected joints that lasts about an hour Pain, swelling, or stiffness of the joints Stiffness and/or pain that gets worse with inactivity Reduced range of motion	Feed a balanced diet Avoid forced exercise of overexertion (especially before they attain physical maturity Have a good routine with your farrier As the horse gets older, pay very close attention to your horse for even the slightest inkling of problems Start treatment for arthritis as early as possible Provide supplements that promote healthy joints

 

 

Sport Horses

The equine sporting world is intense and competitive, placing significant demands on your horse's body. That’s why it’s essential to proactively treat and prevent common health issues specific to sport horses. Each discipline—whether endurance, racing, or dressage—comes with its own unique health challenges. To keep your champion performing at their best, make it a priority to monitor their mood, movement, flexibility, and overall well-being every day.

Common Sport Horse Health Condition	Symptoms	Prevention
Desmitis	Swelling Poor performance Hesitating to stand or perform other movements Heat at the affected area Limping or inability to sustain weight on the affected limb Sometimes these symptoms can be very mild	Preventative care involves ensuring your horse doesn't over-exert their ligaments. For competitions with jumps of 6-7 feet, avoid practicing these jumps daily to prevent premature wear and tear on tendons. Instead, practice with 3-4 foot jumps to minimize strain on the ligaments. Schedule regular check-ups with your veterinarian and discuss your training routine to ensure your horse's ligaments remain in good condition. Your equine vet may recommend supplements to support the health of your horse's ligaments and tendons. Consult your vet for safe options.
Tendon Injuries	Strenuous exercise Over-stretching of the tendons Working on un-level ground High-speed jumps	Warming the horse up adequately Investing in good shoeing Conditioning before attempting harder work Keep a keen eye out for even minor signs of injury
Back Injuries	Lameness in the horse Improperly fitted saddles Heavy/unbalanced riders Developmental issues	Make sure tack and saddle fit properly Maintain balanced riding posture Build up the horse’s endurance and core strength though regular, varied exercise Avoid overworking Consider regular physiotherapy sessions

 

Caring for Horses in Different Age Groups

While most horse care is pretty much standard throughout a horse’s lifetime, there can be some important differences in care considerations to keep in mind when they are quite young versus old (senior). 

How to Care for an Old Horse

As horses age, their needs change significantly. Remember that old horses may have worked all their lives, participated in hundreds or even thousands of competitions, or hauled countless kilograms.

At this stage of their life, they deserve rest and relaxation—much like a human senior would expect to have an easy and carefree retirement. 

Older horses may also require extra attention to maintain their overall health and comfort. Here are some key aspects to consider when caring for a senior horse: 

1. Dietary Needs: Older horses often require specialized diets. As their teeth wear down, it may be harder for them to chew, so consider offering softer feeds like soaked hay cubes or senior horse feed. Supplements for joint health, like TRI-ACTA H.A. (the inclusion of hyaluronic acid aids with joint lubrication) digestion, and maintaining a healthy weight can also be helpful.
2. Joint Health: Arthritis and joint stiffness are common in senior horses. Providing joint supplements, low-impact exercise, and ensuring comfortable, cushioned bedding can help ease discomfort. Regular vet check-ups are essential to monitor joint health.
3. Dental Care: Senior horses are more susceptible to developing dental issues such as loose or missing teeth. Routine dental check-ups are crucial to ensure your horse can chew their food properly, and don’t have any pain in their mouths.
4. Regular Veterinary Care: Older horses are more susceptible to health issues, so consistent veterinary check-ups are necessary to catch any potential problems early. Vaccinations and deworming protocols may need to be adjusted for their age.
5. Comfortable Shelter: Senior horses may have more difficulty withstanding extreme weather conditions compared to their younger counterparts, so it’s essential to provide a dry, warm shelter in the winter and shade during the summer.
6. Exercise and Mobility: Gentle, regular exercise helps keep an older horse’s muscles strong and joints flexible. However, be mindful not to over-exert them.

 

How to Care for a Young Horse

Before we get into the basics of how to care for a young horse, it’s important to understand the difference between the terms often used to describe young horses:

Type of Young Horse	Description
Foal	Any young horse or pony up to one year old, regardless of sex. Some people may refer to their foals as “Filly Foal” or “Colt Foal” to differentiate.
Weanlings	A term for foal horses that are weaned (usually at 4–six months old).
Yearling	The term for a horse that is 1 year old. All Thoroughbreds are considered a year old on the first day of January, regardless of when they were born.
Colt	A young male horse that is 4 years old or younger that has not been castrated.
Gelding or Cutting	A young male horse 4 years old or younger that has been castrated. As an aside, sometimes it can be difficult to castrate a horse that has an undescended testicle, in which case it may be left with the horse. Such horses are called Ridgelings, Rigs, or Cryptorchids. They may develop Stallion characteristics and may also be able to impregnate a Mare.
Stallion	A young male horse that is over 4 years old. If they are being used for breeding purposes, then they may also be referred to as a Stud. Once a Stallion (or Stud) has fathered a foal they are considered a Sire.
Filly	A female horse 4 years old or younger. Some racing organizations may consider a female horse a Filly up to 5 years old.
Mare	A female horse that is over 4 years old. If the horse is being used for breeding and is over 3 years of age, then they are referred to as a Broodmare. Once a female has given birth to a foal, she becomes a Dam.

 

It’s important to remember that terms for horses can vary by region. 
General care considerations for young horses, regardless of their sex, are listed below:

1. Nutrition for Growth: Young horses require a diet rich in high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals to support healthy growth and bone development. Consider providing specialized feed formulated for young horses, ensuring they get enough calcium and phosphorus to support bone health.
2. Vaccinations and Deworming: Young horses are more susceptible to diseases and parasites, so it’s essential to follow a strict vaccination and deworming schedule recommended by your vet. Regular fecal exams can help tailor an effective deworming protocol.
3. Dental Check-Ups: Even young horses can experience dental issues, such as sharp teeth or misalignments. Schedule routine dental exams to ensure proper chewing and prevent future problems.
   Socialization: Social interaction with other horses is essential for young horses’ behavioral and emotional development. Group turnout with other foals and horses teaches them social skills, discipline, and healthy boundaries.
4. Basic Training and Handling: Start handling colts and fillies early to get them accustomed to human interaction. Teach them to be haltered, led, groomed, and handled safely to ensure future success in training.
5. Exercise and Play: Young horses have a lot of energy and need plenty of time to move and play. Turnout in a safe, spacious area is vital for muscle development and physical growth. Avoid intense exercise, as young joints and bones are still developing.
6. Proper Hoof Care: Regular hoof trimming is essential for young horses to ensure proper growth and prevent foot problems. Start early with regular farrier visits to develop healthy hooves as they grow.
7. Patience and Consistency: Young horses are learning and growing, so consistent, gentle handling is key. Avoid rushing the training process—let them mature at their own pace.

Differences in Caring for Young Male vs. Young Female Horses

While the general care requirements for young horses (colts and fillies) are quite similar, there are a few important differences between young male horses (colts) and young female horses (fillies) that should be taken into account when providing proper care:

1. Temperament and Behavior

• Colts (Young Male Horses):
  • More Playful and Assertive: Colt horses tend to display more dominant and playful behaviors as they grow, especially around other horses. They may nip, kick, or display assertiveness as they test their social boundaries.
  • Sexual Maturity: Around 1 to 2 years of age, colts begin to reach sexual maturity. This may lead to more aggressive behaviors, such as trying to mount other horses or displaying dominance over other males in the group.
  • Early Gelding Consideration: Many horse owners opt to geld colts (castrate them) around 6 months to 1 year of age to reduce aggressive tendencies and prevent any unwanted breeding behavior. Gelding helps calm their behavior and make them easier to handle.
• Fillies (Young Female Horses):
  • More Passive but Moody: Filly horses are generally more passive and less likely to display dominant behaviors compared to colts. However, they can still show moments of moodiness, especially as they begin to mature sexually.
  • Estrus Cycles: Starting as early as 12-15 months, fillies enter their estrus cycle (heat), which can cause changes in behavior, such as increased irritability or distractibility. While some fillies show minimal signs, others may become noticeably “moody” during their cycle, requiring gentle handling.

2. Socialization and Group Dynamics

• Colts:
  • More Competitive in Groups: Colts tend to be more competitive in social groups and are more likely to challenge other males, especially once they reach sexual maturity. They may exhibit “stallion-like” behavior, such as mounting or herding other horses.
  • Need for Separation: As colts mature, they may need to be separated from fillies and other horses to prevent injury or unwanted breeding behavior, especially if they haven’t been gelded.
• Fillies:
  • More Cooperative in Groups: Fillies typically integrate more smoothly into group dynamics and are less likely to display aggressive behavior. However, they still need social interaction with other horses for proper development.
  • Watch for Estrus-Related Dynamics: During estrus, fillies may become more flirtatious or reactive around males, which may affect group dynamics, especially if there are colts or stallions present.

3. Training Approach

• Colts:
  • Need Consistent Boundaries: Because colts can be more assertive and playful, they require clear, consistent boundaries during training. Gentle but firm handling is essential to prevent any bad habits from forming.
  • Address Dominance Early: Addressing dominance behaviors early on in training helps ensure the colt grows into a well-mannered adult horse. Colts may also benefit from gelding to make training easier and reduce hormone-driven behaviors.
• Fillies:
  • Respond Well to Consistency: Fillies are generally easier to manage, but they still require consistent, calm training. While fillies may not challenge authority as much as colts, they can still be strong-willed.
  • Adapt to Hormonal Changes: During their estrus cycle, some fillies may be less focused or easily distracted, requiring a more patient and understanding approach to training during those times.

4. Health and Veterinary Care

• Colts:
  • Early Gelding: Health considerations around gelding are unique to colts. Most horse owners choose to geld colts early to avoid unwanted behavior and prevent future health issues related to stallion hormones. The timing of gelding is typically decided based on the colt’s behavior and maturity.
  • Higher Risk of Injury: Colts are often more rambunctious and prone to rough play, which can lead to higher risks of injury. Monitoring group play and providing safe environments is important for their physical well-being.
• Fillies:
  • Estrus Monitoring: Fillies will require monitoring as they enter their estrus cycle to ensure they stay healthy and comfortable. Some fillies may experience mild discomfort during their cycle, and it's important to be aware of any changes in behavior or appetite during this time.
  • No Immediate Reproductive Concerns: Unlike colts, there are no immediate surgical interventions like gelding for fillies, but owners should be mindful of reproductive health if they plan to breed in the future.

 

How to Fit a Saddle to a Horse

Proper saddle fit is essential for your horse's comfort and performance. A poorly fitting saddle can lead to discomfort, injury, and even behavioural issues. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to fit a saddle to your horse:

1. Assess Your Horse’s Back Shape

Before fitting the saddle, it’s important to understand the shape of your horse's back. Horses can have high withers, low withers, broad shoulders, or narrow shoulders. Identifying these features helps in selecting the right saddle tree (the internal structure of the saddle) and width.

• High Withers: Need a saddle with a deeper tree (the chassis or framework of the saddle) and more clearance over the withers (the area on a horse’s back that extends from the third to the eleventh thoracic vertebrae).
• Flat/Low Withers: Require a saddle with a wider gullet to ensure even pressure distribution.
• Broad Shoulders: May need a saddle with a wider tree.
• Narrow Shoulders: A narrower tree and gullet (the tunnel underneath the fork (holds the bars of the saddle together) may be required for a snug fit.

2. Position the Saddle Correctly

Place the saddle gently on your horse’s back without any saddle pads or girth. It should sit behind the horse's shoulder blades, allowing freedom of movement. Slide the saddle back until it naturally rests in the correct position.

Tip: The front of the saddle (pommel) should not sit on the withers, and the seat should not tilt excessively forward or backward.

3. Check Gullet Clearance

The gullet is the space between the saddle and the horse's withers. You need to ensure there’s enough clearance between the saddle and the withers to avoid pressure and rubbing.

How to check: You should be able to fit 2-3 fingers between the horse’s withers and the saddle. If there’s too much clearance or the saddle sits directly on the withers, it’s a sign of poor fit.

4. Assess the Saddle Tree

The tree is the framework of the saddle that rests on the horse's back. It needs to conform to your horse’s body without causing pinching or pressure points.

• Shoulder Fit: The saddle tree should not pinch or restrict movement in the shoulders. Run your hand along the front of the saddle to ensure it’s not too tight or digging into the horse’s shoulders.
• Length of the Saddle: The saddle should not extend beyond the horse's last rib. A saddle that’s too long can cause pressure and discomfort in the loins.

5. Check for Even Pressure

Make sure the saddle is distributing weight evenly across the horse’s back. Use your hand to feel under the panels (the padded parts of the saddle that rest on the horse’s back) for consistent contact.

• Uneven Contact: If there are gaps between the panels and your horse’s back or pressure points, it indicates an improper fit. The saddle should have even pressure from front to back, avoiding hotspots.

6. Evaluate the Saddle Balance

The saddle should sit level on the horse’s back, not tipping too far forward or backward. A properly balanced saddle allows you to sit in the center of the seat without being pushed forward or back.

How to check: Look at the saddle from the side. The pommel and cantle (back part of the saddle) should be almost level, with the seat being the lowest point. If the saddle is unbalanced, it may affect both your and your horse’s comfort.

7. Test the Fit with a Girth

Once the saddle is in place, fasten the girth to secure the saddle. Ensure the girth isn’t too tight or too loose, and check that the saddle remains in the correct position.

• Check movement: The saddle should stay in place when the horse moves, without sliding forward or backward excessively.

8. Check Movement and Comfort

Take your horse for a short walk or ride with the saddle on. Pay attention to how the saddle feels and moves with the horse.

• Observe your horse’s movement: The horse should move freely without hesitation, discomfort, or unusual behavior. Watch for any signs of pinching, slipping, or rubbing.
• Monitor comfort: If your horse appears uncomfortable, swishes their tail, pins their ears, or resists moving forward, the saddle fit may need adjustment. 

9. Look for Sweat Patterns

After riding, remove the saddle and observe the sweat patterns on your horse’s back. An evenly distributed sweat pattern across the horse’s back indicates a good fit, while dry spots could suggest pressure points, and uneven patterns might mean an improper fit.

10. Consult a Professional Saddle Fitter

If you’re unsure about the fit or if your horse’s shape changes over time, it’s a good idea to consult a professional saddle fitter. They can assess your horse and saddle to ensure an optimal fit and make necessary adjustments.

We’ve talked a bit about different areas of your horse’s body in the previous section of this article, but there is still much to know about the basics of horse anatomy. Having a basic understanding of their body and how it works, since it’s much different from a human. But similar to humans, horses will use their body to communicate how they are feeling, which is very important for horse owners, trainers, and anybody else who works with horses to understand.

Basic Horse Anatomy

Body Part	Description
Head	The front part of the horse's body, includes the mouth, nostrils, eyes, ears, and the brain.
Muzzle	The horse's nose and mouth area, used for feeding and communication.
Poll	The area at the top of the horse’s head, between the ears, important in terms of head carriage.
Neck	Connects the head to the shoulders, used for balance and movement.
Withers	The highest point of the horse’s back, located between the shoulder blades, used as a reference point for measuring height.
Shoulder	Located at the front, helps with movement and balance, especially important in determining stride length.
Chest	The front part of the horse’s body, contains the heart and lungs, contributing to endurance and breathing capacity.
Back	The area between the withers and the loin, supports the rider and saddle.
Loin	The section of the back between the last rib and the croup, important for flexibility and strength during movement.
Croup	The area from the loin to the tail, includes the hips and top of the hindquarters.
Hindquarters	The powerful back part of the horse’s body, essential for propulsion and movement.
Flank	The area behind the ribs and in front of the hindquarters, sometimes sensitive to touch.
Tail	Extends from the croup, used for balance and communication (e.g., swishing to indicate mood or to shoo flies).
Legs	Four legs (two forelegs and two hind legs), responsible for movement, speed, and balance. Includes joints like the knee and hock.
Fetlock	The joint between the cannon bone and the pastern, often compared to a human’s upper knuckle.
Hock	The horse's hock is the large joint located on the hind leg, equivalent to the human ankle. It sits between the horse's lower leg and the cannon bone.
Hoof	The horse’s foot, critical for support, balance, and locomotion, with a hard outer structure and sensitive inner parts.

 

Source

Taking care of your horse’s legs, as you can imagine, is extremely important. Given that a horse spends the majority of their time on their legs, and some horses are even euthanized when they can no longer walk, you’ll want to be sure that you’re equipped with the knowledge you need to keep their long limbs healthy.

Horse Hock

A horse’s hock is the part on the back of the horse’s leg that sort of looks like a reverse human knee (see diagram above). It’s a series of four joints and bones that mirror a human heel, but works more like a knee. If you were to compare a horse’s hock to a human more accurately, it would be a combination of your ankle and the top of your foot—so a lot of different bones. The hock allows the horse to walk, trot, gallop, and canter. 

Common conditions that can affect a horse’s hock include:

Condition	Description	Cause	Treatment/Management
Hock Arthritis (Bone Spavin)	Joint cartilage and fluid wear away, leading to bone-on-bone contact, causing pain in the hock joint.	Degeneration of cartilage and fluid in the joint.	Can be managed with medication and joint supplements as well as lifestyle changes. TRI-ACTA H.A. contains two types of glucosamine and chondroitin that help rebuild and repair cartilage, meaning that continuous supplementation over time may alleviate this condition. TRI-ACTA H.A. is recommended because the addition of hyaluronic acid allows for more lubrication of the joint.
Fused Hock Joints	When the space in the hock joint becomes solid due to arthritis, reducing pain from bone-on-bone contact.	Natural progression or veterinary intervention.	Can heal naturally or through surgery to relieve pain.
Capped Hock	Swelling in the hock due to injury to the superficial bursa, may not cause pain or lameness.	Injury to the superficial bursa near the hock.	May not need treatment; consult with a vet for evaluation.
Bog Spavin	Excess fluid/swelling in the tibiotarsal joint, possibly leading to lameness, caused by injury or degeneration.	Injury or joint degeneration.	Vet evaluation; treatment depends on severity.
Stringhalt (String Hock)	Hyperflexion of the hock joint during movement, leading to an abnormal, jerky gait.	Two types: Australian (caused by plants) and Classic (injury).	Vet evaluation; treatment varies depending on type.

 

Horse Fetlock Joint

A horse’s fetlock joint is the structure between a horse’s cannon bone and the pastern bone, which is the lower part of the horse’s leg before the hoof. The little “bump” just above the horse’s hoof is the fetlock joint. As you can imagine, the fetlock joint is essential for the movement of the hoof. When this joint is injured, it can significantly impact the horse’s ability to move properly, as well as cause pain. Fetlock joint injuries are common in sport horses because of the high motion the joint is exposed to on a regular basis.

Common Causes of Horse Fetlock Joint Injury

Fetlock injuries are common in performance and sport horses. The two main causes are:

• The horse striking the fetlock with the opposite hoof.
• The horse hitting the fetlock on jumps or obstacles.

These impacts can result in bone chips, fractures, bruising, and other trauma. "Chip" fractures of the long pastern bone are particularly common, often occurring at the upper portion of the bone due to overexertion from high-speed movements, leading to lameness and swelling.

Comminuted fractures, which are longer and more severe, typically result in sudden, weight-bearing lameness with significant swelling after intense activity like racing. These injuries are painful, especially when the fetlock is bent or touched.

Preventing Fetlock Joint Injuries

While fetlock injuries are common, you can take steps to reduce the risk:

1. Use Well-Fitting Fetlock Boots:
   Lightweight boots protect the fetlock from impact during exercise. Ensure they fit properly and comply with competition rules, such as FEI guidelines, which require flexible, secure-fitting boots.
2. Provide Equine Joint Supplements:
   Joint supplements like TRI-ACTA H.A. are ideal for sport horses. Specifically, TRI-ACTA H.A. contains glucosamine for cartilage regeneration, chondroitin to prevent cartilage breakdown, MSM for inflammation, and hyaluronic acid for joint lubrication and shock absorption. With only active ingredients, TRI-ACTA H.A. offers maximum value for your money.

A healthy diet is crucial for keeping your horse fit, happy, and performing well. Your horse’s diet can also significantly affect their joint health. However, the nutritional needs of horses vary based on factors like activity level, age, and health status. Below are the key elements of a healthy horse diet, including differences between sport horses and domestic or leisure horses.

Basics of a Healthy Horse Diet

1. Forage (Hay and Grass):

• Forage is the foundation of a horse’s diet and should make up the majority of their intake, regardless of their activity level.
• Hay or pasture grass provides essential fiber for digestion and keeps the digestive system functioning properly. Horses should have access to quality hay or pasture throughout the day to mimic their natural grazing habits.
• Horses generally consume 1.5% to 2% of their body weight in forage daily.

2. Water:

• Fresh, clean water should be available to horses at all times. Horses, when idle (not performing work) can drink around 16 gallons (about 60 litres) of water per day, depending on the weather and their activity level.

3. Concentrates (Grains):

• Concentrates like oats, corn, and barley are often added to the diet for horses with higher energy demands, such as sport or performance horses. However, concentrates should be given in moderation, as too much can lead to health issues like colic or laminitis.
• High-energy horses in competitions or training may require extra concentrates for stamina and recovery.
• Horses with lighter workloads may not need additional grain; too much can lead to unnecessary weight gain.

4. Protein:

• Protein is essential for muscle development, especially in growing, pregnant, or working horses. Alfalfa is a good source of protein, often fed to horses needing extra nutrition.

5. Vitamins and Minerals:

• Horses need a balanced intake of vitamins and minerals for healthy bones, muscles, and overall well-being. Salt and mineral blocks or supplements can help provide trace minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which may not be present in forage alone.

6. Fats:

• Fats are a concentrated source of energy and are particularly useful for high-performance horses. Oils like vegetable oil or flaxseed can be added to the diet to boost calorie intake without overloading on carbohydrates.

Diet Differences: Sport Horses vs. Leisure Horses

Sport Horses:

• Require higher energy intake due to their demanding activity levels. Their diets often include additional concentrates and fats to provide more energy.
• May benefit from joint supplements with glucosamine and chondroitin (like TRI-ACTA) to protect their joints from the stress of intense physical activity.
• Protein-rich feeds can be added to promote muscle development and recovery after exercise.
• Electrolytes may be added to their water or feed to replenish minerals lost through sweat during heavy work.

Leisure or Domestic Horses:

• Have lower energy requirements since they engage in less physically demanding activities. For these horses, high-fiber forage and minimal concentrates are generally sufficient.
• Overfeeding concentrates can lead to weight gain and health issues, so the focus should be on providing adequate forage with occasional supplements if needed.
• Obesity management is often a key concern, as leisure horses are more prone to weight gain with excessive feeding.

Equine Nutrition

Feeding a horse requires attention to their activity level, access to pasture, and individual health needs. Here are some key tips and resources for managing your horse's diet effectively. 

Tips for Feeding a Horse

1. Forage First:

• Whether the horse is out to pasture or consuming hay, forage should be the main component of their diet. Horses are designed to graze throughout the day, so provide consistent access to grass or hay.

2. Monitor Pasture Quality:

• Pasture grass quality can fluctuate with the seasons. During the warmer months, high-quality grass can provide most of a horse’s dietary needs, but you should monitor the richness of the pasture to prevent overconsumption, particularly in horses prone to laminitis or weight gain.

3. Supplement as Needed:

• When horses are out to pasture, they may not receive all the vitamins and minerals they need. Salt blocks or mineral supplements can help ensure they're getting a balanced diet. In winter months, or when grass is sparse, supplementing with hay or additional feed may be necessary.

4. Feeding Frequency:

• Horses have small stomachs and are designed to eat small, frequent meals throughout the day. If they’re kept in a stall, aim to feed them 2-3 times a day, with regular hay available between meals to mimic natural grazing habits.

5. Consider Age and Health:

• Senior Horses: May require softer, more easily digestible feed like soaked hay cubes or senior horse feed if they have dental issues.
• Young Horses: Growing horses need diets higher in protein, vitamins, and minerals to support healthy development.

6. Avoid Sudden Diet Changes:

• Any changes in your horse’s diet should be introduced gradually over the course of 7-10 days. Sudden dietary shifts can cause digestive upset or colic.

Resources for Equine Nutrition

1. National Research Council’s (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Horses

• This is a comprehensive resource outlining the nutritional needs of horses at various life stages and activity levels.

2. Consulting with a Veterinarian or Equine Nutritionist

• A professional can assess your horse’s specific dietary needs and recommend a tailored feeding plan. Veterinarians can also recommend joint supplements or other specialized feeds depending on your horse’s health.

3. Feed Manufacturer Guidelines

• Most horse feed products provide specific feeding instructions based on the horse’s weight and activity level. Follow these guidelines for proper feeding practices.

4. Body Condition Scoring (BCS):

• Regularly check your horse’s BCS to assess whether they’re underweight, overweight, or in optimal condition. The BCS scale runs from 1 (emaciated) to 9 (obese), with 4-6 being ideal for most horses.

When you own a horse, it’s important to be aware of common ailments that they may, at some point, be affected by. Here’s a breakdown of some common horse health conditions, their causes, and symptoms:

Navicular Disease in Horses

In horses, navicular disease occurs when the navicular bone and/or navicular bursa of the horse’s foot become injured or affected by disease (inflammation, infection, etc.). The navicular bone is a small bone near the horse’s hoof that connects to the rest of the joints in the foot via ligaments. The navicular bursa refers to the tissues surrounding the navicular bone. Navicular disease in horses is degenerative, which means that it becomes worse over time.

• Causes of this disease are unknown, although it’s thought that multiple forces affecting the horse’s foot can lead to this condition. Horses with deformed or malformed feet or structures in the foot are more likely to develop navicular disease.
• Symptoms include lameness (especially in the front feet), shortened stride, stumbling, pain when moving on hard surfaces. 
• Treatment of symptoms includes corrective farriery, intrasynovial medication, and NSAIDs (Non-Steroidial Anti-Inflammatory medications). Joint supplements like TRI-ACTA H.A. can also provide relief from this condition, as these supplements work to strengthen the joints and assist with lubrication, allowing easier movement. 

Kissing Spine in Horses

Kissing spine in horses, also known as overriding dorsal spinous processes (ORDSP), is a condition where the bony projections along a horse's spine (called dorsal spinous processes) are positioned too closely together, causing them to "kiss" or touch each other. This contact can lead to pain, discomfort, and inflammation. Kissing spine typically occurs in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the horse’s back, which are crucial areas for movement and saddle placement. 

• Causes of kissing spine in horses are not fully understood, but multiple conditions can contribute to the development of the condition. This includes poor conformation (shape of the back), poor saddle fit causing consistent pressure on the spine, and intense work or repetitive stress.Symptoms of kissing spine in horses include back pain or sensitivity, reluctance to move, behavioral issues (like bucking, rearing, or refusing to be saddled), irregular movement (especially when riding), and posture changes. 
• Treatment includes rest, NSAIDs or corticosteroid injections, surgical intervention, and physical therapy. Joint supplements like TRI-ACTA H.A. can also be used in conjunction with the above treatments and continued for the rest of the horse’s life as a way to help the horse feel more comfortable and to prevent the condition from worsening or recurring.

Other Notable Horse Diseases and Conditions

Disease	Symptoms	Causes	Treatments
African Horse Sickness	Fever, difficulty breathing, swelling around the eyes and head, frothy discharge from the nose, fluid buildup in the lungs, and sudden death in severe cases.	Caused by a virus spread by biting insects (primarily midges).	No cure; supportive care includes keeping the horse comfortable and reducing insect exposure. Vaccination is available in endemic areas.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)	In mares: inflammation of the uterus, vaginal discharge, temporary infertility. In stallions: no symptoms but can be carriers.	Caused by the Taylorella equigenitalis bacterium, transmitted during breeding.	Antibiotics and thorough cleaning of external genitalia. Infected horses need quarantine and treatment. Regular testing is needed to confirm eradication.
Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)	Fever, nasal discharge, coughing, lethargy, abortion in pregnant mares, and neurological symptoms such as weakness, lack of coordination, and paralysis in severe cases.	Caused by various strains of the equine herpesvirus (EHV-1, EHV-4), spread via contact.	Supportive care; isolation of affected horses; antiviral medications may be used in some cases. Vaccination can help reduce the severity of symptoms.
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)	Fever, weight loss, anemia, lethargy, and, in severe cases, death. Horses may become lifelong carriers even if they survive.	Viral disease spread by blood-feeding insects (flies, mosquitoes) or contaminated needles.	No cure or treatment; infected horses are typically euthanized or quarantined for life. Regular testing (Coggins test) helps prevent the spread of the disease.
Equine Piroplasmosis	Fever, anemia, jaundice, lethargy, swollen abdomen, and labored breathing. In severe cases, it can cause death.	Blood-borne protozoal disease transmitted by ticks or contaminated needles.	Anti-protozoal drugs, blood transfusions, and supportive care. Preventative measures include tick control and monitoring of blood transfusions.
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)	Fever, swelling around the eyes and scrotum (in stallions), nasal discharge, abortion in pregnant mares, respiratory issues.	Viral infection spread through respiratory secretions or breeding.	Supportive care; vaccination is available for prevention, especially in breeding programs. Isolate affected horses to prevent the spread of the virus.
Vector-Borne Equine Encephalitides	Fever, lethargy, neurological symptoms (seizures, paralysis, lack of coordination), and in severe cases, death.	Viral infections (Eastern, Western, Venezuelan equine encephalitis) spread by mosquitoes.	Supportive care; vaccination is available and highly recommended in regions where the diseases are endemic. Prevent mosquito exposure as much as possible.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)	Blisters or sores in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, nostrils, or hooves; excessive salivation; lameness.	Viral infection spread by insects or direct contact with infected animals.	Supportive care; isolate infected animals to prevent the spread of the disease. The disease usually resolves on its own within two weeks.

 

What Does It Mean When a Horse Is Lame

When a horse is lame, it means that there is a disruption in its normal movement or gait, typically due to pain or discomfort in one or more of its limbs. Lameness can vary in severity, from mild stiffness or an irregular stride to an inability to bear weight on a particular leg. It is often a sign of injury, inflammation, or disease affecting the horse's musculoskeletal system, including joints, tendons, ligaments, or hooves.

Causes of Lameness

• Hoof Problems: Issues like abscesses, cracks, or laminitis (inflammation of the hoof) are common causes of lameness.
• Joint Injuries or Arthritis: Conditions like arthritis or joint trauma can cause swelling, pain, and stiffness in the joints, leading to lameness.
• Tendon or Ligament Injuries: Strains, sprains, or tears in the tendons and ligaments can result in lameness.
• Fractures or Bone Chips: Injuries to the bones, such as fractures or bone chips, often lead to severe lameness.
• Infections: Infections in the hoof or limb, such as cellulitis or joint infections, can cause significant discomfort and result in lameness.

Symptoms of Lameness

• Irregular Gait: The horse may show an uneven stride, favor one leg, or display reluctance to move.
• Swelling or Heat: The affected area may be swollen or warmer than usual.
• Pain Responses: The horse may flinch or react when the sore area is touched.
• Weight-Bearing Issues: In more severe cases, the horse may be unable to bear weight on the affected limb.
• Behavior Changes: Lameness may cause the horse to be more irritable or refuse work.

Diagnosing Lameness

• Veterinary Examination: A vet may conduct a physical exam, lameness evaluation (watching the horse move at different gaits), and diagnostic imaging like X-rays or ultrasound to pinpoint the cause.
• Flexion Tests: The vet may perform flexion tests, where a specific joint is flexed for a short period and then the horse is asked to trot to see if it causes pain.

Treatment of Lameness

• Rest and Rehabilitation: For minor injuries, rest and limited movement are often enough for recovery.
• Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs and pain relief medications are often used to reduce inflammation and ease pain.
• Therapy: Physical therapy, cold therapy, or shockwave therapy can help recovery from certain injuries.
• Corrective Shoeing or Hoof Care: Proper trimming or therapeutic shoeing can correct hoof-related lameness.
• Surgical Intervention: In severe cases like fractures or ligament injuries, surgery may be necessary.

Lameness is a serious condition that requires prompt attention to prevent further injury or discomfort to the horse. If a horse shows signs of lameness, a veterinarian should evaluate the situation to determine the cause and recommend appropriate treatment.

Heat Stroke in Horses

Heat stroke is a common and potentially dangerous issue in horses, especially in places with consistently warm or hot weather. Horses are similar to people in that they will sweat to cool themselves, but if sweating is not enough and a horse’s temperature increases, even only by half a degree, a horse can quickly experience the effects of heat stroke.

There is no exact body temperature that definitively indicates heat stroke in horses, as some performance horses have shown temperatures between 42–43°C (107–109°F) without negative effects. However, studies suggest that heat stroke becomes evident once a horse's temperature reaches 43.5°C (110.3°F). Since this is only slightly higher than those without symptoms, it's crucial to monitor horses closely for signs of heat stroke, especially non-performance horses, which may be affected at lower temperatures.

If left untreated, heat stroke can quickly escalate from heavy breathing and sweating to convulsions and death.

Potential causes of heat stroke in horses includes:

• Extreme Heat: Horses sweat to cool down, but excessive heat combined with activity can lead to dehydration and heat stroke. Limit exercise in hot weather and ensure access to fresh water.
• Poor Ventilation: Poorly ventilated stalls, trailers, or barns can trap heat, increasing the risk of heat stress. Ensure proper airflow to prevent heat stroke.
• Not Enough Water: Horses may not drink enough while working. Provide ample water and breaks to encourage hydration, especially during hot days.
• Unaccustomed to Hot Weather: Horses transported from cooler climates need time to adjust to hotter environments. Gradually acclimate them and ensure access to water and shaded areas.
• Obesity: Overweight horses struggle to cool down due to fat insulation, increasing heat stroke risk. Maintaining a healthy weight helps prevent heat stress.
• Trauma or Stress: Stressful situations (e.g., transport, attacks, excessive work) can disrupt a horse's ability to regulate body temperature, leading to heat stroke even in moderate weather.
• Excessive Work: Working too hard in hot conditions can raise body temperature and trigger heat stroke. Provide breaks, water, and avoid overexertion in extreme heat.    

Sometimes our beloved equines can sustain injuries, whether due to riding, training, or competition, or plain old accidents. It’s important to be prepared to deal with minor and major horse injuries alike so that you can get your horse back to their old selves as quickly as possible, as well as reduce stress for yourself and your horse by being prepared.

Here is a breakdown of common horse injuries and their corresponding treatment options:

Horse Injury	Description	Treatment
Bowed Tendon	Overstretching or tearing of the superficial or deep digital flexor tendon, resulting in inflammation.	Rest, cold therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and controlled exercise. In severe cases, surgery may help.
Splint Bone Injury	Injury to the splint bone (small bone along the cannon bone), usually caused by trauma or excessive strain.	Rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and sometimes surgical removal of bone fragments in severe cases.
Horse Wound Care	Cuts, abrasions, or punctures that can become infected if not treated properly.	Cleaning the wound, applying antiseptics, bandaging, and in some cases, antibiotics to prevent infection.
Suspensory Ligament Injury	Strain or tearing of the suspensory ligament, often seen in performance horses.	Rest, cold therapy, anti-inflammatories, and gradual rehabilitation. Severe cases may require surgery.
Bone Bruise	Trauma to the bone causing internal bleeding and pain but no fracture.	Rest, anti-inflammatory drugs, cold therapy, and limited movement until the bruise heals.
Inflamed Joints	Joint inflammation due to overuse or injury, often resulting in lameness.	Anti-inflammatory medications, joint injections (steroids or hyaluronic acid), and joint supplements.

 

Horse Treatments

Horse Treatments

Sometimes horses need surgery, supplements, or medication to treat various conditions that they’re experiencing. When it comes to horse surgery, there are a wide range of different types that treat different conditions:

Colic Surgery

• Causes: Severe abdominal pain due to intestinal blockage, twisting, or impaction.
• Procedure: Incision in the abdomen to remove blockages or reposition the intestines.
• Costs: $5,000–$10,000, with some cases reaching up to $20,000 for complete care.

Tie-Back Surgery

• Causes: Laryngeal hemiplegia, partial airway obstruction due to laryngeal muscle paralysis.
• Procedure: Suture to "tie back" the paralyzed cartilage, possibly removing vocal cords for better airflow.
• Costs: $2,000–$4,000.

OCD Surgery

• Causes: Osteochondritis dissecans, a developmental disorder affecting joint cartilage and bone, often from rapid growth or trauma.
• Procedure: Arthroscopy to remove loose cartilage and clean the joint.
• Costs: $2,500–$4,000.

Basket Surgery

• Causes: Fractures or wobbler syndrome (narrowing of the spinal canal causing neurological symptoms).
• Procedure: Titanium "basket" placed to stabilize fractured bones.
• Costs: Can range up to $15,000.

Hernia Surgery

• Causes: Congenital or trauma-induced hernias, such as umbilical or inguinal hernias.
• Procedure: Repair muscle wall defect, possibly involving castration for scrotal hernias.
• Costs: $500–$1,000.

Cryptorchid Surgery

• Causes: Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum.
• Procedure: Removal of retained testicle(s) through abdominal or inguinal incision.
• Costs: $1,200–$3,000.

Stifle Surgery

• Causes: Ligament injuries, meniscal tears, or osteochondrosis in the stifle joint.
• Procedure: Arthroscopy to repair or remove damaged tissues; may involve cutting the patella ligament to prevent locking.
• Costs: Around $3,000.

Horse Eye Ulcer Surgery

• Causes: Trauma, infection, or foreign objects causing eye ulcers.
• Procedure: May involve debridement, conjunctival grafts, or corneal transplants.
• Costs: $1,500–$3,000.

Grooming is an essential part of horse care, keeping your horse clean, healthy, and feeling good. Whether you’re getting ready for a show or just maintaining daily care, proper grooming helps prevent skin conditions, promotes circulation, and strengthens your bond with your horse.

Horse Grooming Kit

Having the right tools in your horse grooming kit is key to keeping your horse's coat, mane, and hooves in top condition. Here's a basic checklist of essential grooming equipment:

• Curry Comb: Helps loosen dirt and hair, stimulating the skin.
• Body Brush: Removes dust and debris from the coat.
• Mane and Tail Comb: Gently detangles hair without damaging it.
• Hoof Pick: Cleans debris, mud, and stones from the hooves.
• Sweat Scraper: Removes excess water after a bath or sweaty exercise session.
• Soft Cloth or Sponge: Wipes down sensitive areas such as the face and underbelly.
• Fly Spray: Keeps insects at bay, especially in the summer months. 

Horse Grooming Brushes and Equipment Checklist

• Hard/Body Brush: For removing caked-on dirt.
• Soft Brush: For polishing and adding shine to the coat.
• Dandy Brush: Helps get rid of mud and dried sweat.
• Shedding Blade: Essential for spring shedding.
• Grooming Gloves: Handy for massaging the coat while removing loose hair. 

How to Groom a Horse, Step by Step

1. Start with the Curry Comb: Using circular motions, work the curry comb over the horse’s body to loosen dirt, hair, and sweat.
2. Body Brush: Follow up by brushing in the direction of hair growth to remove the loosened dirt.
3. Brush the Mane and Tail: Gently detangle using a comb or brush, working from the ends of the hair upwards.
4. Clean the Hooves: Use a hoof pick to remove any stones, mud, or debris from the hooves.
5. Wipe Down: Use a soft cloth or sponge to clean the face and other sensitive areas.
   Apply Fly Spray: If needed, finish with fly spray to protect your horse from pests.

How to Wash and Groom a Horse for a Show

1. Thorough Bath: Use a gentle equine shampoo and hose down your horse, working in sections to ensure the coat is thoroughly cleaned.
2. Condition Mane and Tail: Use conditioner to keep the hair smooth and shiny. Comb through to remove any tangles.
3. Dry Off: Use a sweat scraper to remove excess water and towel dry the legs.
4. Polish the Coat: After drying, use a soft brush to bring out the coat's natural shine.
5. Hoof Care: Clean and polish the hooves to give them a show-ready gleam.
6. Final Touches: Style the mane and tail, often braiding or banding for a neat, elegant look.

How to Style a Horse’s Mane and Tail for a Show

• Mane Braiding: Use small, tight braids along the crest for a traditional show look.
• Tail Braiding: For formal events, braid the tail from the top down for a sleek, clean appearance.
• Banding the Mane: A modern alternative to braiding, banding gives a neat and symmetrical look with rubber bands spaced evenly down the mane.

Horse Hoof Care

Hoof care is vital for a horse’s overall health and mobility. Regular cleaning and maintenance prevent injury and infection, and a proper trim keeps the horse's gait smooth.

How to Care for Your Horse’s Hooves

1. Daily Cleaning: Use a hoof pick to clean out the hooves, focusing on the areas around the frog.
2. Check for Debris: Remove stones, mud, or any other foreign objects that could cause discomfort.
3. Inspect for Cracks or Infection: Look for any signs of damage or thrush, a common hoof infection.
4. Trim Regularly: Make sure your horse’s hooves are trimmed every 4-6 weeks to maintain proper balance and prevent lameness.

What Is a Farrier?
A farrier is a trained professional responsible for trimming and shaping horses’ hooves and fitting horseshoes. Regular farrier visits are crucial for maintaining hoof health and overall balance in your horse’s movements. A skilled farrier ensures your horse’s hooves are in great shape and prevents long-term issues like lameness or structural problems.

Navigating horse care is a multi-faceted responsibility that requires dedication, knowledge, and a deep understanding of your horse's unique needs. From daily grooming routines and proper nutrition to understanding potential health issues and ensuring a comfortable living environment, each aspect plays a vital role in keeping your horse healthy, happy, and thriving. Whether you're caring for a sport horse, a leisurely companion, or a senior horse, staying informed and proactive will help you build a strong bond with your horse and ensure they live a long, fulfilling life. By following the advice and tips outlined in this guide, you'll be well-equipped to meet the demands of horse ownership, keeping both you and your horse in the saddle for years to come.

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